A Supernova Cocoon Breakthrough

Observations with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory have provided the first X-ray evidence of a supernova shock wave breaking through a cocoon of gas surrounding the star that exploded. This discovery may help astronomers understand why some supernovas are much more powerful than others.

On Nov. 3, 2010, a supernova was discovered in the galaxy UGC 5189A, located about 160 million light years away. Using data from the All Sky Automated Survey telescope in Hawaii taken earlier, astronomers determined this supernova exploded in early October 2010 (in Earth's time-frame).

This composite image of UGC 5189A shows X-ray data from Chandra in purple and optical data from Hubble Space Telescope in red, green and blue. SN 2010jl is the very bright X-ray source near the top of the galaxy.

A team of researchers used Chandra to observe this supernova in December 2010 and again in October 2011. The supernova was one of the most luminous that has ever been detected in X-rays. 

In optical light, SN 2010jl was about ten times more luminous than a typical supernova resulting from the collapse of a massive star, adding to the class of very luminous supernovas that have been discovered recently with optical surveys. Different explanations have been proposed to explain these energetic supernovas including (1) the interaction of the supernova's blast wave with a dense shell of matter around the pre-supernova star, (2) radioactivity resulting from a pair-instability supernova (triggered by the conversion of gamma rays into particle and anti-particle pairs), and (3) emission powered by a neutron star with an unusually powerful magnetic field.

In the first Chandra observation of SN 2010jl, the X-rays from the explosion's blast wave were strongly absorbed by a cocoon of dense gas around the supernova. This cocoon was formed by gas blown away from the massive star before it exploded.

In the second observation taken almost a year later, there is much less absorption of X-ray emission, indicating that the blast wave from the explosion has broken out of the surrounding cocoon. The Chandra data show that the gas emitting the X-rays has a very high temperature -- greater than 100 million degrees Kelvin – strong evidence that it has been heated by the supernova blast wave.

The energy distribution, or spectrum, of SN 2010jl in optical light reveals features that the researchers think are explained by the following scenario: matter around the supernova has been heated and ionized (electrons stripped from atoms) by X-rays generated when the blast wave plows through this material. While this type of interaction has been proposed before, the new observations directly show, for the first time, that this is happening.

This discovery therefore supports the idea that some of the unusually luminous supernovas are caused by the blast wave from their explosion ramming into the material around it.

In a rare example of a cosmic coincidence, analysis of the X-rays from the supernova shows that there is a second unrelated source at almost the same location as the supernova. These two sources strongly overlap one another as seen on the sky. This second source is likely to be an ultraluminous X-ray source, possibly containing an unusually heavy stellar-mass black hole, or an intermediate mass black hole.

These results were published in a paper appearing in the May 1st, 2012 issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters. The authors were Poonam Chandra (Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Canada), Roger Chevalier and Christopher Irwin (University of Virginia, Charlottsville, VA), Nikolai Chugai (Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia), Claes Fransson (Stockholm University, Sweden), and Alicia Soderberg (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA). 

Sun Is Moving Slower Than Thought

The sun is moving through the Milky Way slower than previously thought, according to new data from a NASA spacecraft.

From its orbit around Earth, the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) satellitemeasured the speeds of interstellar particles entering at the fringes of our solar system, 9 billion miles (14.5 billion kilometers) from the sun.

(Related: "'Alien' Particles Found Invading Our Solar System—A First.")

Plugging the new data into computer models, the IBEX team calculates that the sun is moving at about 52,000 miles (83,700 kilometers) an hour—about 7,000 miles (11,000 kilometers) slower than thought.

The discovery suggests that the protective boundary separating our solar system from the rest of the galaxy is missing a bow shock, a major structural component thought to control the influx of high-energy cosmic rays.

(See "New Hubble Videos Show Star Jets in Action.")

The sun is constantly sending out charged particles in all directions, forming a cocoon around the solar system called the heliosphere.

Like a boat moving through water, it's long been thought that the "bow" of the heliosphere forms a crescent-shaped shockwave as our solar system plows through the surrounding cloud of interstellar gas. (See "Solar System's 'Nose' Found; Aimed at Constellation Scorpius.")

But the new IBEX findings mean the sun is moving so slow that pressure from material flowing around the heliosphere is 25 percent lower than expected—not enough for a bow shock.

Until now, "all the solar system models and theories included a bow shock," said study leader David McComas of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas.

"Having learned for nearly three decades about it, I was literally shocked when we found it was missing."

Cosmic-Ray Shielding Key for Life?

The absence of a bow shock is significant, McComas said, because it may indicate that the heliosphere is actually more robust than thought.

With less pressure from outside material, the boundary region isn't being compressed and therefore weakened as much as expected, which means it should better repel cosmic rays.

(Related: "Solar System 'Force Field' Shrinks Fast.")

And understanding exactly how the heliosphere acts as a gatekeeper for cosmic rays could help scientists evaluate the chances for life on other worlds.

According to McComas, some researchers believe that the cosmic rays that do get through the heliosphere can impact Earth's climate, because the high-energy particles can ionize—or electrically charge—matter in the atmosphere, leading to heightened cloud formation and lightning generation.

Other experts think the particles could even be related to bursts of evolution or extinction in our planet's history, because the radiation can influence DNA patterns.

(Also see "Ancient Mass Extinctions Caused by Cosmic Radiation, Scientists Say.")

For now, the science behind how cosmic rays have influenced Earth is quite controversial, said Seth Redfield, an astronomer from Wesleyan University in Connecticut who was not involved with the new IBEX study.

Still, considering the rays' expected effects, Redfield said, "it seems obvious to me that there will be scenarios or times when the cosmic-ray flux on a planet is important and [is] having a major influence on the evolution of the planetary atmosphere or even on biological processes on its surface."

In that case, astronomers assessing the habitability of alien planets may need to start considering not only the chances for liquid water but also the strength of other stars' protective cocoons, study leader McComas said.

"There is no doubt," he said, "that questions about cosmic-ray shielding go right to the heart of some really important questions related to life as we know it."

Crab Nebula

This is a mosaic image, one of the largest ever taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope of the Crab Nebula, a six-light-year-wide expanding remnant of a star's supernova explosion. Japanese and Chinese astronomers recorded this violent event nearly 1,000 years ago in 1054, as did, almost certainly, Native Americans.

The orange filaments are the tattered remains of the star and consist mostly of hydrogen. The rapidly spinning neutron star embedded in the center of the nebula is the dynamo powering the nebula's eerie interior bluish glow. The blue light comes from electrons whirling at nearly the speed of light around magnetic field lines from the neutron star. The neutron star, like a lighthouse, ejects twin beams of radiation that appear to pulse 30 times a second due to the neutron star's rotation. A neutron star is the crushed ultra-dense core of the exploded star.

The Crab Nebula derived its name from its appearance in a drawing made by Irish astronomer Lord Rosse in 1844, using a 36-inch telescope. When viewed by Hubble, as well as by large ground-based telescopes such as the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope, the Crab Nebula takes on a more detailed appearance that yields clues into the spectacular demise of a star, 6,500 light-years away.

The newly composed image was assembled from 24 individual Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 exposures taken in October 1999, January 2000, and December 2000. The colors in the image indicate the different elements that were expelled during the explosion. Blue in the filaments in the outer part of the nebula represents neutral oxygen, green is singly-ionized sulfur, and red indicates doubly-ionized oxygen.

UFO Russia April 13, 2012

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Planet Colors to Search for Alien Earths

Planets around other stars probably exhibit a rainbow of colors every bit as diverse as those in our solar system. And astronomers would like to eventually harness color to learn more about exoplanets. Are they rocky or gaseous — or earthlike? 

In a study recently accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal, a team led by NASA astronomer Lucy McFadden and UCLA graduate student Carolyn Crow describe a simple way to distinguish between the planets of our solar system based on color information. Earth, in particular, stands out clearly among the planets, like a blue jay in a flock of seagulls. 

"The method we developed separates the planets out," Crow says. "It makes Earth look unique." 

This suggests that someday, when we have the technology to gather light from individual exoplanets, astronomers could use color information to identify earthlike worlds. "Eventually, as telescopes get bigger, there will be the light-gathering power to look at the colors of planets around other stars," McFadden says. "Their colors will tell us which ones to study in more detail."

Earth the Exoplanet

The project began in 2008, when Crow teamed up with McFadden, her faculty mentor at the University of Maryland in College Park. McFadden currently heads university and post-doctoral programs at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

New color information about Earth, the moon, and Mars became available, thanks to NASA's Deep Impact spacecraft. En route to a planned encounter this November with Comet 103P/Hartley 2, Deep Impact observed Earth. The idea was to determine what our home looks like to alien astronomers and eventually use that insight to figure out how to spot earthlike worlds around other stars.

As Deep Impact cruised through space, its High Resolution Instrument (HRI) measured the intensity of Earth's light. HRI is an 11.8-inch (30 cm) telescope that feeds light through seven different color filters mounted on a revolving wheel. Each filter samples the incoming light at a different portion of the visible-light spectrum, from ultraviolet and blue to red and near-infrared. On May 28, 2008, Deep Impact even caught a glimpse of the moon's light as it crossed in front of Earth. Later, in 2009, HRI scoped Mars. 

McFadden wondered what combination of color information from the filters would best distinguish Earth from the other planets and moons of the solar system. She recruited Crow to work on the project. Eight other researchers from NASA, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington (Seattle), and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab also joined the team.

The Magic Mix

The Deep Impact color data covered Earth, the moon, and Mars. The relative amounts of light passing through the filters vary for each planet or moon, providing a kind of color fingerprint. To this the team added existing color information about Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Saturn's moon Titan.  

NASA researchers analyzed the light reflected by the planets and plotted the results on a "color-color" diagram. By plotting the ratios of red to green light as well as blue to green, the planets cluster into "color families." On the diagram, Earth is easily distinguishable from the other major planets. Credit: NASA/GSFC

A simple side-by-side comparison of color data on all the major planets was a confusing mess. The team finally found a combination of three different filters — one in the blue, one in the green, and one in the red — that highlights the differences between the planets. 

On a special "color-color" diagram the team created, the planets cluster into groups based on similarities in the wavelengths of sunlight that their surfaces and atmospheres reflect. The gas giants Jupiter and Saturn huddle in one corner, Uranus and Neptune in a different one. The rocky inner planets Mars, Venus, and Mercury cluster off in their own corner of "color space."

But Earth is the true loner in color space. Its uniqueness traces to two factors. One is the scattering of blue light by the atmosphere. This is called Rayleigh scattering, after the English scientist who discovered it. 

The other reason Earth stands out in color space is because it does not absorb a lot of infrared light. That's because our atmosphere is low in infrared-absorbing gases like methane and ammonia, compared to the gas giant planets Jupiter and Saturn.

"It is Earth's atmosphere that dominates the colors of Earth," Crow says. "It's the scattering of light in the ultraviolet and the absence of absorption in the infrared."

Colorful Future

Someday, the three-filter approach may provide a rough "first cut" look at exoplanet surfaces and atmospheres. "There are some things we can tell from the colors but there are some things that we can't quite tell without additional information," Crow says.

For example, if an exoplanet shows a similar color fingerprint to Earth's, it would not necessarily mean that the planet has the blue skies and vast oceans of our home. But it would tell us to look at that planet more closely. 

And that would be an important first step toward making sense of the colorful complexity of the 490 (and counting) alien planets already discovered, and the scores more on the way.

Bubble Bee Ganti Aliens & Reptilian Dracs

Bubble Bee Ganti Aliens & Reptilian Dracs
I've encountered interdimensionals since Feburary of 1997. I've never seen them as Reptilians, only human looking. They appear out of tunnel holes that seem to materialize with a loud crackling sound. I've seen endless star like lights when looking into the tunnels. They wear a disk on their chest that they call a Shockraplate and the Interdimentionals seem to fall apart, growing weaker and weaker the longer they stay here on their visits to the point where they start to have trouble walking. That's when they leave.I saw around 7 of them in a hotel room once with a sleeping couple. They had a green square looking box with a flickering light at the foot of the bed. The light was pointed at the couple who seem to be asleep.... But would awake occasionally and start talking to everyone like nothing was going on. Asking names and so on. Everyone in the room said their name was John. I think this is to confuse in case of a memory occurring of the incident. I won't get into the sex part here. But, in my mind they do rape humans. Even though the human consents because they are in a state of waking trance. They develop amnesia and don't remember. Visit the Quasar Light Supernatural Gears Files

The Interdimensionals don't consider it rape because they don't remember an encounter. They seem to do these raids quite a bit using trance technology. I don't know what their final end game is but they wanted me to see this. I usually remember an encounter with these beings around a half hour after an incident. A extreme memory moves in that can only be describe as a Cinematic Mind Reel running through brain. The Reptilians come from two prehistoric Bubblebee underground Hive colonies. One from Africa, a colony called the Ganti and one unknown named hive from North America Just like fish that came out of the water through evolution and started to walk on land. The Bubblees developed extraordinary navagaitonal sytems and extreeme flight capibilities and came out the earths atmoshpere and entered space. Like fish in water to land, Bubblebees in the air to space. The Ganti's have air sacs but can only travel so far into space before having to return for oxygen. They do have massive starships designed after their own design for flight and navigation. Starships that can almost instantly go up and down and sideways like witnesses have seen. I've been in their underground Hives and seen giant vats of red nectar which is their food. The Reptilians developed from the Bubble bees. Most likely by intelligent design and eugenics from the  Ganti's. Just like the Bubble bees the Reptilians are a Hive race, Hive colonies located underground. The Draco Reptilians developed wings like the Ganti's. The difference between the two is that the Reptilians can shape shift by a process known as sped up evolution and using intelligent design for the end result of the classic shape shifting everyone's heard about. It's not a random process like Darwin's evolution but a controlled intelligent sped up design. Darwins evolution with an intelligent designer the Reptilian in complete control and guiding the way through an evolution into a shape shift. Most humans have Reptilian in them. A human Fetus is pretty much Reptile at first in the womb then it shape shifts to human. Reptilians shape shift outside of the womb. I've been to the there underground Hives and seen great giant vats like the Bumblebee vats but intsead of filled with nectar they were filled human blood, body parts, floating heads in the blood. I said so you do eat humans and drink their blood. They told me I wasn't supposed to see this and told one of the Reptilians to push the vat to another room. It was a scene out of a Horror movie. I wasn't afraid though. Just sickened. I've known the Reptilians since Childhood but things got really strange ever since mainly starting in February of 1997. I sense they are afraid of me. I'm not sure why but I get the feeling that all hell will break lose if I'm harmed. The Reptilian 6 sector now oppose this practice of eating and killing humans for food and are trying to have it stopped. But, many Reptilians say it's tradition and is natural they've been doing it for thousands of years. There is a political conflict going on that is leading to war. There is an interdimensional like tunnel hole at the Alien landing field in Apollo Park in Brogue, Pa. Apollo Park was named by the Ganti's after the Apollo Space landing. The Apollo Park sits in the middle of nowhere in Amish country, York county, Pa. Very secluded perfect place for a cloaked Alien landing field and underground tunnels for the Reptilians. This is the site of one of the Reptilian 6 sectors. At first the interdimensional like tunnel looks like a stone wall sitting in the middle of the forest growth then shifts to a tunnel. I saw a great giant Moth larve there by the hole. Hanging downside from a tree. It had a humanlike head. Weirdest thing I've ever seen. And I've seen a lot strange stuff in the last 13 years since I was selected and put into this Reptilian game play. And learned what I am. It turned and stared at me. At first it freaked me out as the face looked like me that I was staring at. But, then it changed to another face. A Mothman Creature in development. These Mothmen always show up before disasters happen. Some Mothmen recently have been terrorizing the Reptilians flying through their tunnels killing them. But, this has been stopped recently as the Reptilian 6 sector is now allies with the Moth Creatures.Date a Vampire

The Reptilians have been going there in large numbers to the Apollo landing field. I've seen hundreds of them traveling the paths through the woods to the location. Entire families. Some looking human, spoke with them, others full Reptile, many Draco. Their coming from all around the world. It's an exodus. The Reptilians are leaving en masse and seem to be in a fast hurry to do so. Their are 16 massive starships one on top of the other above the hole. The ships are cloaked. There is a key that will open the door to the wall. To the exit tunnel. Told to be used only when their gone in the approaching disaster if it comes. If the current timeline doesn't change. And it doesn't look like it will. That disaster is hurling at humanity right now. It might be a war or natural, or both involving astroid weapons, weather weapons, sunspot radiation weapons, Haarp microwave mind control. The worldwide human population will be brought down to 666 million. All who live under that number will wear the number of the Beast. Become a servant to the Kings and Queens of the NWO hybrids. The Reptilian hybrid Ganti Kings and Queens of the Hive. Humans assimilated into the Hive. A mind controlled human slave working for the Hive. The NWO Haarp Beast microwave Hive unit in Alaska is runned by a Reptilian hybrid human nightmare called Chronis. A nightmare created through Nephilim eugenics at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds military base by German Nazi mind and eugenics scientists brought to America after WW2 still living taking youth drugs along with Dr. Josef Mengele and doing experiments in this area for non-lethal and lethal warfare mostly; through the very active Project Monarch using mostly children brought in from around the world. Much chemtrail spraying in the area and it's starting to make the Reptilians sick and they are dying. Two of the strangest looking craft flew over the park today spraying. The military has also been infiltrating some of these tunnels and are killing the Reptilians in the 6th sector Hives. There is a power struggle going on between the NWO Reptlian elite and the Reptilian 6 Hive. The Reptilian 6th sector are the good guys as far as humans are concerned. The Moth eugenics race is also currently the good guys and are trying to stop the mind control invasion and assualt and de-population situation in this coming theatre of control for power of the world. And the spraying of the chemtrails in 6th sector Hive locations. The mind control invasion is called Melting the Psychic Permafrost. What's called the psychic permafrost in the human mind which currently blocks the way to a hive mind set will be melted away so it can be entered and controlled. Only a small portion of the brain is currently being used by humans. They'll have access to parts of the brain not in use that have great power. And they will control it in every human. I tried going up to the wall yesterday in the morning when the Reptilians usually aren't around above ground in the dense park to see if the key will open the door on the wall. But, the wall slowly disapeared when approaching. The giant caterpillar larve had cacooned also yesterday and what was there was gone. Only what looked to be large Spidery web like larve substance from the caccoon. They'll be one ship left behind after the Reptilian 6th sector have left along with most of the Gantis and Moth hybrid humans. It can hold 250,000 humans. There is an 18 digit number that must be punched into the ships computer system correctly for the computer to navigate the starship out before the final impact. They'll be no Reptllians or Aliens or Ganti Bumblebees there to help or to navigate the ship. They'll be gone and out of here. Humans on the ship will be alone and someone will have to punch the numbers correctly into the computer. Another person will have to navigate up or down with two larger levers when approaching the Sorun Web. These Soruns live in Black Holes and will run out from them and catch whatever hits their web, grab and drag it back down the black hole. I once witnessed on a Ganti ship a meteor had hit the web and was caught when suddenly around 7 Soruns ran out like giant steel looking Spiders and tore the meteor apart and dragged the pieces with them back into their hole. Its simple to avoid the Soru Webs but the computer doesn't know how to avoid because the webs get spun and show up out of nowhere. That's why a human must do it with the levers moving the starship up or down to not get caught in the web. On that ship humans will be alone with no skills on how to operate a starship only the numbers for the computer, one person navigating above or below the Sorun webs and the faith of the Reptilian 6 and the Gantis that they are helping them. If the humans onboard make it out in time a whole new future and world lies ahead but the longing and sadness of a lost world to tyranny will linger in humans for generations to come longing for their once home on that beautiful round blue planet sitting in the outer edges of the universe called earth. - Jakob Lemy Zook

All of Eros

This picture of Eros, the first of an asteroid taken from an orbiting spacecraft, is a mosaic of four images obtained by NASA's NEAR mission immediately after the spacecraft's insertion into orbit. We are looking down over the north pole of Eros at one of the largest craters on the surface, which measures 4 miles (6 kilometers) across.

Inside the crater walls are subtle variations in brightness that hint at some layering of the rock in which the crater formed. Narrow grooves that run parallel to the long axis of Eros cut through the southeastern part of the crater rim. A house-sized boulder is present near the floor of the crater; it appears to have rolled down the bowl-shaped crater wall. A large number of boulders are also present on other parts of the asteroid's surface. The surface of the asteroid is heavily cratered, indicating that Eros is relatively old.